what is distribution coefficient in solvent extraction

xbbr``b``3 1x4> s Let's suppose that a solute A is present in 100 cc of water, and 100 cc of ether will be used for its extraction. (O/A = 1:1, T = 25 C, t = 30 min. If a substance is present as several chemical species in the partition system due to association or dissociation, each species is assigned its own Kow value. (a) When 100 cc of chloroform is used in one lot, the amount unextracted is: xu = 1 * (KV / KV + L) = (1/20 * 100 divided by 1/20 * 100 + 100) = 5/105 = 0.0476 grams. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The less dense phase will be the top layer- most organic solvents are less dense than water. 0 HFZ0aYAHL(ke9aY.&9J In other words, in two extractions using the same 100 cc ether we can separate (2/3 + 2/9), or 88.9%, of the original amount of the compound. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Distribution constants are useful as they allow the calculation of the concentration of remaining analyte in the solution, even after a number of solvent extractions have occurred. Pour a 2 cm depth of cyclohexane into one test tube and a 2 cm depth of potassium iodide solution into the other. Now titrate the aqueous layer with NaOH to determine how much benzoic acid remained in the water. Legal. When extracting with either of these solvents, the \(K\) would be less than one (see calculation below) and it would be an "uphill battle" to draw out the caffeine from the water. K The distribution coefficient w grams of a solute is extracted repeatedly from V1 mL of one solvent with successive portions of V2 mL of a second solvent, which is immiscible with the first. Imagine that a nearly saturated solution of \(0.50 \: \text{g}\) hyoscyamine in \(150 \: \text{mL}\) water is to be extracted into \(150 \: \text{mL}\) diethyl ether. EDTA complex are slightly acidic and contains one or more coordinating atoms. The desire is to have three solutions at the end, each in methylene chloride, one of which contains only the organic acids, the second contains only the organic bases, and the third contains only the neutrals. In metal extraction procedures, it is often difficult to separate the ion pairs. For most moderately polar to non-polar organic compounds the distribution coefficient, K, will have a value between 0.5 to 10 for distribution between an organic solvent and . Other prediction methods rely on other experimental measurements such as solubility. How much hyoscyamine would be extracted into the diethyl ether layer in this process? So be sure to vent your sep funnel every few shakes! The ligands formed six-membered rings., E.g. [35] In the field of hydrogeology, the octanolwater partition coefficient Kow is used to predict and model the migration of dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds in soil and groundwater. In physical science, partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is a ratio of a compound's concentrations in the mix of two immiscible solvents at the equilibrium. [citation needed]. [2]:551ff[21][pageneeded][22]:1121ff[23][pageneeded][24] Critical discussions of the challenges of measurement of logP and related computation of its estimated values (see below) appear in several reviews. Solvent extraction is the process of separating compounds by utilizing their relative solubilities. distribution coefficient partition coefficient K=C1/C2=g compound per mL organic solvent/g compound per mL water K=1.5 any organic compound with an equilibrium distribution coefficient greater than 1.5 can be separated from water by extraction with a water insoluble organic solvent changing the solubility with acid base chemistry Distribution equilibrium between the two liquids immiscible liquids is going by gives phase rule Hindi sex action we have peace equal to 2 because two phases are involved. a,#z/A#PKgDFxPRz l>kd}E b"~'PnP):u}QZ#J,C?M`_h&r}1zNXbv/ew=c/WG|x2R^xmM+*Ju8s3./N?k\$m9wR6`}]x'uzGK Using this data you can calculate Kd. o lets consider a case of two solutes, A and B present in the solution. Some common masking agents are 8-quinolinol for Fe3+, CN(cyanate), Tartarate, etc. At very acidic pH values (say a pH of around 1) these are fully protonated and neutral, At basic pH values (say a pH of around 13) these are fully deprotonated and anionic, At very acidic pH values (say a pH of around 1) these are protonated and cationic, At very basic pH values (say a pH of around 13) these are not protonated and neutral. 0000002730 00000 n The organic phase and aqueous phase form layers in your sep funnel. Lab Experiments. A conventional method for predicting log P through this type of method is to parameterize the distribution coefficient contributions of various atoms to the overall molecular partition coefficient, which produces a parametric model. The hydrophobicity of a compound can give scientists an indication of how easily a compound might be taken up in groundwater to pollute waterways, and its toxicity to animals and aquatic life. After solving the algebra, \(x = 0.05 \: \text{g}\). In solvent extraction, masking agents are used to prevent unwanted metals from producing extractable complexes hence increasing the selectivity of the procedure. The partition coefficients reflect the solubility of a compound in the organic and aqueous layers, and so is dependent on the solvent system used. That Partition coefficient relates to the concentration of solute distributed between these two layers. The partition coefficient, abbreviated P, is defined as a particular ratio of the concentrations of a solute between the two solvents (a biphase of liquid phases), specifically for un-ionized solutes, and the logarithm of the ratio is thus log P.[10]:275ff When one of the solvents is water and the other is a non-polar solvent, then the log P value is a measure of lipophilicity or hydrophobicity. The distribution coefficient represents the equilibrium constant for this process. Since we really want as much of the solute in the organic phase as possible, this system has not yet achieved that outcome. When an aqueous solution is extracted with an organic solvent that is denser than water (for example dichloromethane, \(\ce{CH_2Cl_2}\)), the only procedural difference is that there is no need to ever drain the aqueous layer from the separatory funnel. ( To extract the solute A from the solution, extracting solvent can be used that solvent must dissolve the target solute in more quantity. 0000001475 00000 n To demonstrate the effectiveness of a multiple extraction, let's return to the problem from the single extraction section, where a solution of \(0.50 \: \text{g}\) hyoscyamine in \(150 \: \text{mL}\) water is to be extracted into diethyl ether. iFALyCkd%2grdm. [33] For cases where a drug reaches its target locations through passive mechanisms (i.e., diffusion through membranes), the ideal distribution coefficient for the drug is typically intermediate in value (neither too lipophilic, nor too hydrophilic); in cases where molecules reach their targets otherwise, no such generalization applies. 0000008032 00000 n (3) and (4), respectively. hd0U7vE|{T;+n9Jr(nkdnFBG,gWtll(jJ"}R.PVZG!Wy_.^mlP"E7AzTEIZ#I2y5`8)'~}Z`!-&} Ratio of concentrations in a mixture at equilibrium, "4.2.4: Partition and Distribution Coefficients", "Chapter 15: General Anesthetic Pharmacology", "Chapter 3: Free Energy and Phase Diagrams", "The partition of organic compounds. (2), and the recovery rates for GPA (R 1) and IL (R 2) were defined by Eqs. For example, morphine has a partition coefficient of roughly 6 in ethyl acetate and water.\(^2\) If dark circles represent morphine molecules, \(1.00 \: \text{g}\) of morphine would distribute itself as shown in Figure 4.11. [citation needed], Despite formal recommendation to the contrary, the term partition coefficient remains the predominantly used term in the scientific literature. It is a critical parameter for purification using zone melting, and determines how effectively an impurity can be removed using directional solidification, described by the Scheil equation. Devise a way to solubilize the organic anion shown below in the organic solvent of a two-phase system in which the second phase is water. The extraction solvent is usually a volatile organic liquid that can be removed by evaporation after the desired component has been extracted. Later on, in 1940 this process get real importance because of its use in extracting rare earth metals. Taking the ratio of the compound's solubility in diethyl ether compared to water gives an approximate \(K\) of 4. [10]:280. Solvent extraction, also called liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids.. These two liquids, flowing in opposite directions, are brought into contact, mixed, and allowed to separate. Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques (Nichols), { "4.01:_Prelude_to_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Overview_of_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Uses_of_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Which_Layer_is_Which" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Extraction_Theory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.06:_Step-by-Step_Procedures_For_Extractions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.07:_Reaction_Work-Ups" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.08:_Acid-Base_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_General_Techniques" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Chromatography" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Crystallization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Miscellaneous_Techniques" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Technique_Summaries" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "partition coefficient", "distribution coefficient", "Liquid-Liquid Extraction", "authorname:nicholsl", "Hyoscyamine", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncnd", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://organiclabtechniques.weebly.com/" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FOrganic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)%2F04%253A_Extraction%2F4.05%253A_Extraction_Theory, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 4.6: Step-by-Step Procedures For Extractions, Partition/Distribution Coefficient \(\left( K \right)\), source@https://organiclabtechniques.weebly.com/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Fractional Distillation Examples & Diagram | What is Fractional Distillation? Upon shaking, these separate into two layers. \[4.07 = \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{x}{50 \: \text{mL ether}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{0.50 \: \text{g} - x}{150 \: \text{mL water}} \right)}\]. The distribution coefficient represents the equilibrium constant for this process. I The particulate ratio is not as simple when the layer volumes are different, but the ratio of concentrations always equals the \(K\) (Figure 4.11b). [25] Hence, the log P of a molecule is one criterion used in decision-making by medicinal chemists in pre-clinical drug discovery, for example, in the assessment of druglikeness of drug candidates. The conditions for ethanol extraction that gave high oil yield were as follows: extraction temperature of 70C, extraction time of 7 h, solvent-to-solid ratio of 6 : 1, particle size of 0.5-0.8 . From experience you have probably had in your organic chemistry lab, you know that the approach that is often used in liquid-liquid extraction is to add some organic phase, shake the mixture, and remove the organic phase. - Definition, Process & Apparatus, What is Fractional Distillation? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [63][64][65], Kow, being a type of partition coefficient, serves as a measure of the relationship between lipophilicity (fat solubility) and hydrophilicity (water solubility) of a substance. Step 1: Lower the pH of the water using concentrated hydrochloric acid. How do you get it out? The solubility of these solutes is different from the corresponding solvent. Acid-Base Extraction | Overview, Purpose & Applications. [7] The partitioning of a substance into a solid results in a solid solution. The compounds can be grouped into broad categories of organic acids, organic bases and neutral organics. So now youre left with a solution of compound B in ether. There are many situations where prediction of partition coefficients prior to experimental measurement is useful. A fresh portion of the organic phase is then added to remove more of the solute in a second extraction. 7), and Procedures of Hazard and Risk Assessment (Ch. If a second extraction (again, done with L cc solvent) is made, the quantity unextracted would be: x2 = x1 * KV / KV + L = x0 * KV / KV + L * KV / KV + L = x0 (KV / KV + L)2. "A:! qO-Qjz 2. [42] Here a reaction at a triple interface between a conductive solid, droplets of a redox active liquid phase and an electrolyte solution have been used to determine the energy required to transfer a charged species across the interface. The distribution coefficient K = Concentration in water / Concentration in chloroform = 1/20. You transfer the ether to a pre-weighed round-bottom flask (RB flask) and place it on the rotary evaporator (rotovap). 0000001282 00000 n endstream endobj 661 0 obj <>/Outlines 39 0 R/Metadata 75 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 72 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/StructTreeRoot 77 0 R/Type/Catalog/LastModified(D:20080905154145)/PageLabels 70 0 R>> endobj 662 0 obj <>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 663 0 obj <> endobj 664 0 obj <> endobj 665 0 obj [/Indexed 666 0 R 11 682 0 R] endobj 666 0 obj [/ICCBased 681 0 R] endobj 667 0 obj <> endobj 668 0 obj <> endobj 669 0 obj <> endobj 670 0 obj <>stream As we will see shortly, this distribution of a solute between two immiscible phases forms the basis of chromatographic separations as well. I It is a method of quantitative separation of compounds. What is the use of solvent extraction in chemical engineering? Usually it helps to form a neutral metal complex. The classical and most reliable method of log P determination is the shake-flask method, which consists of dissolving some of the solute in question in a volume of octanol and water, then measuring the concentration of the solute in each solvent. The partition coefficient is the ratio of the moles of solute in the two phases, and is a more effective means of measuring whether you have achieved the desired goal. Actinide Series Periodic Table & Elements | What is the Actinide Series? It is also known as n-octanol-water partition ratio. Organic compounds are then quite easily separated from the mixture with inorganic compounds in aqueous medium by adding benzene, chloroform, etc. The non-polar C18 group is hydrophobic and will be oriented into the organic phase. Chromatography Phases, Types & Uses | What is Chromatography? Solvent extraction is acknowledged as the most promising method for metal separation and purification especially in industrial production due to . A molecular thermodynamic model for the extraction of CoCl2 from different chloride salts by 0.2 mol L-1 trioctylmethylammonium chloride in toluene using the OLI mixed-solvent electrolyte (OLI-MSE) framework is constructed and shows that the salting effects originate from indirect salt cation-solvent interactions that influence the availability of water in the aqueous and organic phases. The partitioning of the compound between the two layers caused the sample to be incompletely extracted. It is to be noted that should be very large for the extraction of solute by solvent extraction. 9YS1h In the previous section, solubility data was used to estimate the partition coefficient \(K\), and it was found to be 4.07. Hydrophobic insecticides and herbicides tend to be more active. The problem relates to the relative volumes of the phases. Standard approaches of this type, using atomic contributions, have been named by those formulating them with a prefix letter: AlogP,[51] XlogP,[52] MlogP,[53] etc. The widely used anions are oxion, triphenylphosphine, and some inorganic anions such as FeCl4-, MnO4, 2. This is a key method for the quantitative separation of elements in batch extractions. The only real exceptions you have to know about are halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane and chloroform- these are denser than water and so will always be on bottom. The purpose of this lab is to calculate the Kd of benzoic acid in dichloromethane. {\displaystyle \log P_{\text{oct/wat}}^{I}} Depending on the partition coefficient for a compound in a solvent, a single extraction may be all that is needed to effectively extract a compound. The distribution coefficient for GPA (K) was defined by Eq. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. For instance, for an octanolwater partition, it is, To distinguish between this and the standard, un-ionized, partition coefficient, the un-ionized is often assigned the symbol log P0, such that the indexed The round bottom flask shouldnt be more than ~40% full of solvent or else you will get bumping (solvent slashing around- youll lose product this way). She has taught high school, AP chemistry for 2 years and is teaching undergraduate college chemistry for 3 years. LFLN\@ULrE$\Jd0fdga(P*c)CftAqU0Sg`|HK20pnL+a`N+R TD* J This ratio is therefore a comparison of the solubilities of the solute in these two liquids. The rotovap works by lowering the pressure inside your round-bottom flask, allowing the a solvent to boil off at room temperature. The partition coefficient \(K\) is the ratio of the compound's concentration in the organic layer compared to the aqueous layer. , in the case where partition of ionized forms into non-polar phase can be neglected, can be formulated as[13][14], The following approximate expressions are valid only for monoprotic acids and bases:[13][14], Further approximations for when the compound is largely ionized:[13][14], For prediction of pKa, which in turn can be used to estimate logD, Hammett type equations have frequently been applied. This is used extraction ion and purification of the analyte. <]>> The product you want to isolate cant be soluble in water ether. After solving the algebra, \(x = \textbf{0.40 g}\). xref The components are said to "partition" between the two layers, or "distribute themselves" between the two layers. A related value, D, does not distinguish between different species, only indicating the concentration ratio of the substance between the two phases. Most organic solvents are immiscible with water. A solvent for extraction should have the following properties; The solvent must have the following properties, Some commonly used solvents are Trichloromethane, Methly benzene, and Diethlyether. Extraction is a quick way to purify the product(s) of a reaction Most organic compounds are much more soluble in organic solvents (ether, dichloromethane, etc.) 106 lessons Devise an extraction procedure that would allow you to perform this bulk separation of the three categories of organic compounds. Observe the different colours formed in the two solvents. Since most organic compounds are more soluble in organic solvents than they are in water, you would expect the value of Corganic phase to be much larger than the value of Caqueous phase. Usually you wash more than once- so after draining off the aqueous layer, add some more water to the sep funnel and wash/rinse/repeat. KY.%$?//x`a9%y[6UiRs9*Be#ChM*@I!fb#_ww3]Zl'x2iPg>O^-. {Hd85 j|p=mB[f"DSAm+q^diDQ}N72vVTNw4A4):9D*}5mQJ.Xt+l}>FD3KXqmME]yn>IT ~Jzxp(5) viwj(S,-1oGfB4:Mc=\zDghQEYE=]]rL*2p;7WvVfFzTg#n-)1!>.6:*2f 2 "8rGEZQRcjVW]..CYlTe+wVV3esNylslVk+T,T^[CK98. Instead of using one \(150 \: \text{mL}\) portion, let's instead split the solvent into three \(50 \: \text{mL}\) portions of diethyl ether. startxref 0000003948 00000 n Acetylation of Ferrocene | Mechanism, Equation & Major Product, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Practice and Study Guide, CSET Science Subtest II Chemistry (218): Practice & Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - Chemistry: Help and Review, General Chemistry Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Virginia SOL - Chemistry: Test Prep & Practice, NES Chemistry (306): Practice & Study Guide, BMAT (Biomedical Admissions Test): Practice & Preparation, WBJEEM (West Bengal Joint Entrance Exam): Test Prep & Syllabus, Organic & Inorganic Compounds Study Guide, GACE Special Education Mathematics & Science (088): Practice & Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. If the ligand complexes with the metal ion, then the metal complex may be organic-soluble. Partition coefficients are useful in estimating the distribution of drugs within the body. { "01_Liquid-Liquid_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Chromatography_\u2013_Background" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Broadening_of_Chromatographic_Peaks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Fundamental_Resolution_Equation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_Liquid_Chromatographic_Separation_Methods" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06_Gas_Chromatographic_Separation_Methods" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07_Appendix_1:__Derivation_of_the_Fundamental_Resolution_Equation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "01_In-class_Problems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Text" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Learning_Objectives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Instructor\'s_Manual" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_Out-of-class_Problems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06_Laboratory_Projects" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07_Specialty_Topics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08_Vignettes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40", "authorname:asdl", "author@Thomas Wenzel" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnalytical_Chemistry%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)%2FAnalytical_Sciences_Digital_Library%2FCourseware%2FSeparation_Science%2F02_Text%2F01_Liquid-Liquid_Extraction, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org.

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